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Interlinking of rivers is the largest project of linking all major rivers of India with the help of a network of canals. The idea of linking rivers across India to solve flood, drought, power and other water related problems of the country is not new. It has been mooted in different forms for the last few decades. 1. Sir Arthur Cotton, who pioneered the development of water resources in Southern India from 1839 onwards, had proposed a plan for interlinking of Indian rivers for inland navigation. A small portion of the plan was implemented but was abandoned later in favour of railways 2. In 1974, the famous engineer of Mumbai, Captain Deen Shaw, presented his scheme to link Indian rivers by constructing a chain of canals. 3. In August, 1980, a National Perspective Plan (NPP) for interlinking of rivers was framed by the Ministry of Water Resources. A National Water Development Agency (NWDA) was set up in July, 1980 to carry out further studies. 4. In 2002, the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India ordered the central government to complete the project in 10 years. 5. Keeping in view the order of the Supreme Court, the Government of India constituted a committee in December 2002 to prepare a detailed report of the project. 6. The project envisages linking 26 major rivers of India by constructing 30 different link canals. The National Perspective Plan as well as the NWDA studies has two components of the project viz., (a) Himalayan Rivers Development Component and (b) Peninsular Rivers Development Component. The two can be linked on the Mahanadi. (a) The Himalayan Rivers Development Component: The Himalayan Rivers Development Component envisages construction of storage reservoirs on the principal tributaries of Ganga and Brahmaputra in India, Nepal and Bhutan along-with interlinking canal systems to transfer surplus flows of the eastern tributaries of the Ganga to the west, apart from linking of the main Brahmaputra and its tributaries with the Ganga and the Ganga with the Mahanadi. NWDA have taken up 11 Himalayan links for study. These include Manas-Sankosh-Tista-Ganga link to transfer Brahmaputra waters to Eastern Ganga Basin. This link envisages high dams on Manas and Sankosh and very large canals running through densely forested as well as populated areas cutting across major drainages and narrow strip of land north of Bangladesh. Other lines proposed are Kosi-Ghaghara, Gandak-Ganga, Ghaghara- Yamuna and Sarda-Yamuna to supplement the supplies of the Ganga and the Yamuna and further transfer water west to Rajasthan and Gujarat. Under the Himalayan Component, NWDA has already completed water balance studies at 19 diversion points, toposheet studies of 16 storage sites and 19 link alignments and prepared prefeasibility reports of 14 proposed water transfer links. The feasibility report for these links has already been completed.
(b) The Peninsular Rivers Development Component:This component has four major parts but more important are interlinking the Mahanadi-Godavari- Krishna-Cauvery and the diversion of a few west-flowing rivers towards the peninsular basin across the Western Ghats. It will ease the water Situation in the peninsula. The link from Mahanadi would require construction of Manibhadra dam. The Mahanadi-Godavari link would be 9,390 km long and cut across east-flowing drainages. It does not involve any lifting of water. The Godavari is joined by two major tributaries, Indravati and Penganga downstream of the major storage at Shri Ramsagar. Even after meeting downstream basin requirements, the Godavari has surplus water in this reach which can be stored in the available dam site of Inchampalli. The benefits to those rehabilitated from low yield unirrigated farming to high yield irrigated land are so large that the project deserves high priority in implementation. After irrigating about 11.5 lakh hectares of dryland between the Godavari and the Krishna, there will still be about 3 km3 water left which can be transferred to Cauvery basin and relieve it from occasional shortages. Under the Peninsular Component, the Agency has already completed data collection and the balance studies of 137 basins/sub-basins and at 52 identified diversion points, toposheet studies of 58 identified storages and 18 toposheet studies of link alignments, and prepared pre-feasibility reports of 17 water transfer links. Presently, the work of field surveys and investigations for preparation of feasibility reports of link schemes is on hand. Feasibility reports of these links have already been completed.
Benefits:
Objections:
The implementation of the inter-basin water transfer link schemes can be taken up in a phased manner depending on the priorities of the Government and availability of funds. But before this, certain other steps, viz., negotiations and agreements amongst the states involved in interbasin transfer, preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs), techno-economic appraisal of DPRs and investment clearance of the schemes, funding arrangements and fixing of agencies for execution, etc., would be necessary. In order to expedite the process of arriving at consensus amongst the States, a Group headed by Chairman, Central Water Commission has been formed, so that the work of preparation of Detailed Project Reports could be started. This Group is expected to work independently and on a continuous basis
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