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IRNSS is an independent regional navigation satellite system being developed by India. It is designed to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as the region extending up to 1500 km from its boundary, which is its primary service area. IRNSS will provide two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning Service (SPS) and Restricted Service (RS) and is expected to provide a position accuracy of better than 20 m in the primary service area. The IRNSS constellation architecture consists of the following elements: Space segment: The IRNSS satellites carry a navigation payload in a redundant configuration. A separate C-band transponder for precise CDMA ranging is included in the payload configuration. The important functions of the IRNSS payload are: Transmission of the navigational timing information in the L5 bands; transmission of navigation, timing information in S-band; generation of navigation data on-board, CDMA ranging transponder for precise ranging. The navigation payload will have the following subsystems: NSGU (Navigation Signal Generation Unit), Atomic clock unit, comprising of Rubidium atomic clocks, clock management and control unit, frequency generation unit, modulation unit, high power amplifier unit, power combining unit and navigation antenna. The IRNSS spacecraft are dedicated for navigation services and they are configured to be of a class that can be launched by the Indian launcher PSLV. The design incorporates most of the proven subsystems available indigenously tailoring it specifically for the navigation. Ground segment: The ground segment is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the IRNSS constellation. It contains a whole complement of the elements required for a basic constellation and is mainly comprised of: Master Control Center for spacecraft control and navigation, IRNSS tracking and integrity monitoring stations, CDMA ranging stations, uplinking and telemetry stations, communication links and network timing center. User segment: Specially designed receivers and antennas are needed to receive the IRNSS signals. The receivers are also planned for receiving multi-constellation signals inclusive of GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and IRNSS. It is planned to broadcast the time difference between the IRNSS time and the time of the other constellations to enable the users to take advantage of the signals available to them. Satellites of IRNSS IRNSS-1A The first of the 7 satellites of the IRNSS Constellation, IRNSS-1A, was successfully launched onboard. IRNSS 1A satellite consists of two payloads – navigation payload and ranging payload, generating navigation signals in the L5 band(1176.45 MHz) and S band (2492.028 MHz) respectively. Three highly accurate Rubidium atomic clocks are part of the system along with corner cube retro reflectors for laser ranging. IRNSS-1B The satellite was launched successfully on April 4, 2014 by PSLV-C24. IRNSS-1B is functioning satisfactorily. This was launched to provide navigational services to the region. It was placed in geosynchronous orbit. IRNSS-1C The satellite was successfully launched onboard PSLV-C26 on October 16, 2014. Orbit raising operations and In-Orbit Testing were successfully completed and Spacecraft performance is satisfactory. IRNSS-1D IRNSS-1D is a satellite in the Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) constellation. The satellite is the fourth of seven in the constellation, launched after IRNSS-1A, IRNSS-1B and IRNSS-1C. IRNSS starts working after this satellite. IRNSS 1E The IRNSS-1E spacecraft was launched on January 20, 2016 (04:01:00 UTC) on the PSLV-C31 vehicle from SDSC (launch mass of 1425.4 kg). IRNSS 1F This satellite besides having the navigation and ranging payload is also carrying a Rubidium atomic clock, which will transmit navigation service signals to users. Applications of IRNSS
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