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The use of Bt cotton in India has grown exponentially since its introduction. Recently India has become the number one global exporter of cotton and the second largest cotton producer in the world. India has bred Bt-cotton varieties such as Bikaneri Nerma and hybrids such as NHH-44, setting up India to benefit now and well into the future. Socio-economic surveys confirm that Bt cotton continues to deliver significant and multiple agronomic, economic, environmental and welfare benefits to Indian farmers and society including halved insecticide requirements and a doubling of yields. But, India’s success has been subject to scrutiny, and there are questions raised on the real story behind this success. Issues related with Bt cotton After the introduction of Bt cotton in northern China, non-target pests such as mirid bug became more abundant, because less pesticides were sprayed. In 2013, a second issue being seen across the world, was the development of Bt resistant pests limiting the usefulness of Bt crops. The whitefly attack on the Bt cotton variety in Punjab and Haryana has caused a rural crisis: at least three farmers have committed suicide around the city of Bhatinda and tens of thousands protested to demand state aid. The cultivation of Bt cotton, a genetically modified, insect-resistant cotton variety, is a risky affair for Indian farmers practising rain-fed agriculture. Annual suicide rates of farmers in rain-fed areas are directly related to increase in Bt cotton adoption. Though cultivating the Bt cotton variety may be economic in irrigated areas, the costs of Bt seed and insecticide increase the risk of farmer bankruptcy in low-yield rain-fed settings. Further the inability to use saved seed and inadequate agronomic information trap cotton farmers on biotechnology and insecticide treadmills. The common assumption that cotton pests must be controlled to prevent monetary losses, thus encouraging Bt cotton adoption. The annual emergence of the key cotton pest pink bollworm in spring is poorly timed to attack rain-fed cotton and large populations of the pest fail to develop in non-Bt rain-fed cotton. This reduces and usually prevents the need for Bt cotton and disruptive insecticides. Benefits Cotton yields and return per hectare have increased significantly, providing improved economics for the majority of farmers using biotech cotton. 86 percent of farmers reported higher yields and returns with Bt cotton seeds than non-Bt cotton and 99 percent of farmers claimed Bt cotton has significantly reduced the attack of bollworms. Indian farmers and landless laborers also identified improvements in the quality of life of their families. Bt cotton is eco friendly and does not have adverse effect on parasites, predators, beneficial insecticides and organisms present in soil .It promotes multiplication of parasites and predators which help in controlling the bollworms by feeding on larvae and eggs of bollworm. Bt cotton are early in maturing as compared to non Bt cotton.
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