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Afghanistan has always been a frontline state. Alexander came in 327 BCE, Babar in 1504 and the British in 1836. In 1843, it became the first country in South Asia to get independence from the British – more than a hundred years before India. In 1979, the Soviet Union entered Afghanistan and since 2001, United States and NATO forces have been there. The country has always been a coveted area for strategic influence. Until the end of the 1970s, Afghanistan had been low on the US list of priorities. Two events subsequently influenced American policy towards Afghanistan. The first was the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and the second, the downfall of the Shah in Iran. Till 9/11, US policy was described by Ahmed Rashid in his book Taliban: “Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia “ “Between 1994-96, the US supported the Taliban politically through its allies, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. Essentially, Washington viewed the Taliban as anti-Iranian, anti-Shia and pro-Western. Between 1995-97 support was driven by the UNOCAL oil gas pipeline project.During the 1990s, the US help to Pakistan and the Islamic Mujahideen groups was crucial. 9/11 changed everything. The principle US aim became the elimination of the threat it faced from al-Qaeda.
Bilateral relations between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the Republic of India have traditionally been strong and friendly. Whilst the Republic of India was the only South Asian country to recognise the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in the 1980s, its relations were diminished during the 1990s Afghan civil war and the Taliban government. India’s policy towards Afghanistan today is what it has always been: that there should be no outside interference and no export of terrorism/extremism from there. In practical terms, its emphasis in recent years has been on the reconstruction of the country. Pakistan’s relations with Afghanistan, on the other hand, have always been troublesome. Despite shared geography, ethnicity and faith, relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan have never been smooth, with the sole exception of four years of Taliban rule over Afghanistan. Successive governments in Kabul have displayed varying degree of disaffection towards Islamabad. In a nutshell, Pakistan’s policy towards Afghanistan has primarily been to resume Afghanistan’s dependence on Pakistan and to negate Indian influence. After 9/11, the United States and India had common objectives in Afghanistan. What both sought at that time was an Afghanistan that contributed to – rather than undermined – international peace, security and stability, and which empowered its people rather than oppressed them. The smooth cooperation around the 2001 Bonn conference reflected their shared goal. However, soon thereafter there was again a feeling in New Delhi that the US cooperated with India only when it needed to, even for instance, in the immediate aftermath of 9/11, and distanced itself from India on Afghanistan when it did not need Indian support. In essence, Pakistan exercised a sort of veto on US policy on Afghanistan. Several US actions even during those heady first days are indicative of this fact.
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