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Historical View
The Zika virus is mainly found in South America, Africa, the Pacific Islands, and Southeast Asia. The virus was first discovered in Africa in 1947,it is named after Zika(”overgrown”) Forest in Uganda where it was discovered, transmissible agent was isolated from serum of macaque who developed a yellow fever and then named “ZIKA”. In 1954, it was subsequently isolated from a human in Nigeria. Till 2007 its occurrence was rare. 2007 - Asian strain of the virus caused the first outbreak outside of Africa, in Micronesia. 2013 - Same strain caused outbreak in French Polynesia , which has since spread to the Pacific Islands and South America. First case being confirmed in brazil in May 2015, since then outbreak of Zika virus has spread to much of South and Central America and the Caribbean. Brazil has seen a surge in outbreaks of the fever. What is ZIKA virus Zika virus is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae and the genus Flavivirus. It is spread by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes, such as A. aegypti and A. albopictus.[ Zika virus is transmitted by the same type of mosquito that carries dengue fever, yellow fever, and chikungunya virus. Zika is related to the dengue, yellow fever,J apanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses. Like other flaviviruses, Zika virus is enveloped and icosahedral and has a nonsegmented, single-stranded,positive-sense RNA genome. A mosquito bites an infected person and then passes those viruses to other people it bites. Symptoms The infection, known as Zika fever or Zika virus disease, often causes no or only mild symptoms, similar to a very mild form of dengue fever. Treatment While there is no specific treatment, paracetamol (acetaminophen) and rest may help with the symptoms. In rare cases, Zika has been associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome, a disorder that can cause partial or complete paralysis, usually starting in the legs, most often temporary. As of 2016, the illness cannot be prevented by medications or vaccines.
Zika and Microcephaly Zika causes microcephaly in babies born to Zika infected pregnant women. Microcephaly stunts a baby’s head growth, causing devastating, sometimes-fatal brain damage, and it can result in miscarriage or stillbirth. More than 1,300 babies in Brazil have been born with Zika-caused microcephaly. Brazil and several other nations have advised women to postpone pregnancy. Though direct link between Zika and microcephaly is not yet established. How Zika infect foetus How the virus can pass through the placenta of a pregnant woman, on its way to infect developing brain cells in her fetus.(VERTICAL TRANSMISSION) It was known that the virus was getting into the placenta. But little was known about where the virus was replicating and in what cell type. Hofbauer cells Zika virus could infect placental macrophages, called Hofbauer cells in cell culture, which originate from the connective tissue (mesenchymal) stem cells of a developing fetus. The virus could also infect another type of placental cell, called cytotrophoblasts which are found in the middle layer of the placental barrier. But only after a delay of couple of days and not as readily. Other researchers recently reported that syncytiotrophoblasts, a more differentiated type of placental cell than cytotrophoblasts, are resistant to Zika infection. One explanation for how the virus crosses the placental barrier is by initial infection of syncytiotrophoblasts, the outermost layer of cells that surrounds and nurtures the fetus. Then virus has access to target cells where it can replicate. Hofbauer cell type are target of Zika virus in the placenta and replication in these cells allow the virus to cross the placental barrier and enter the fetal circulation.
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