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Despite being a developing economy with its attendant problems, India has effectively developed space technology and has applied it successfully for its rapid development and today is offering a variety of space services globally. During the formative decade of 1960s, space research was conducted by India mainly with the help of sounding rockets. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was formed in 1969. Space research activities were provided additional fillip with the formation of the Space Commission and the Department of Space by the government of India in 1972. And, ISRO was brought under the Department of Space in the same year.
In the history of the Indian space programme, 70s were the era of Experimentation during which experimental satellite programmes like Aryabhatta, Bhaskara, Rohini and Apple were conducted. The success of those programmes, led to era of operationalisation in 80s during which operational satellite programmes like INSAT and IRS came into being. Today, INSAT and IRS are the major programmes of ISRO.
For launching its spacecraft indigenously, India is having a robust launch vehicle programme, which has matured to the state of offering launch services to the outside world. Antrix, the commercial arm of the Department of Space, is marketing India’s space services globally. Fruitful co-operation with other space faring nations, international bodies and the developing world is one of the main characteristics of India's space programme.
The successful launch of INSAT-4A, one of the heaviest and most powerful satellite built by India was the major event of the year 2005-06. INSAT-4A is capable of providing Direct-To-Home (DTH) television broadcasting services. Besides, the setting up of the second cluster of nine Village Resource Centres (VRCs) was an important initiative of the Department of Space during the year. VRC concept integrates the capabilities of communications and earth observation satellites to provide a variety of information emanating from space systems and other IT tools to address the changing and critical needs of rural communities.
First unmanned mission to moon was launched using modified version of PSLV from SD Space Centre, Sriharikota on 22 October 2008. It comprised a Lunar Orbiter that orbited the moon to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and 3-dimensional topography and a Lunar Impactor for the moon impact probe. Chandrayan-1 became the first lunar mission to discover the traces of water on moon.
India is now reckoned as a major player in the global satellite launch and manufacturing industry and the market leader in vending images sent by its remote sensing/earth observation satellites. It has demonstrated its frugal engineering with the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) that was successfully launched at one-third of the cost of the developed countries.
In 2015, the Indian space programme gained in both strength and momentum. Be it the success of the Mars Orbiter Spacecraft which completed its mission objective of one year around Mars orbit or the successful launch of GSAT-15 communication satellite that is augmenting the capacity of DTH, TV broadcasting, digital satellite news gathering and VSAT services, 2015 has been a landmark year for the department of space and the Indian Space Research Organization. Also, in 2015 India's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) launched 17 foreign satellites from seven countries - Canada, Indonesia, Singapore, UK, and USA - taking the total number of foreign satellites launched by India to 57, thereby further strengthening India's name in the global space arena.
India also saw the launch of Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) which is designed as a constellation of seven satellites to provide satellite based navigational services in the country. The IRNSS System will benefit the country by providing positioning services over Indian Land Mass and a region extending to the about 1500 kms around India. The IRNSS constellation of seven satellites is expected to be completed by 2016.
Indian Space Research Organization is the finest example of an efficiently run Public sector organization. It has functioned with meager resources and shoe string budgets to contribute exceptionally in the field of space research. The high level of technological expertise available with ISRO and its functional model of planning, designing, management, execution and man-management, can be replicated in other fields that require immediate attention like, efficient transportation, water management, pollution control, power etc.
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