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The terms GIS (which most commonly is an acronym for Geographic Information Systems) and geospatial are often used interchangeably. There are differences in what the terms GIS and geospatial mean. GIS is a computer system capable of capturing, storing, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced information—information attached to a location, such as latitude and longitude, or street location. GIS refers to a system where geographic information is stored in layers and integrated with geographic software programs so that spatial information can be created, stored, manipulated, analyzed, and visualized (mapped). Geographically referenced information is also known as geospatial information. Types of geospatial information include features like highway intersections, office buildings, rivers, the path of a tornado, the San Andreas Fault, or congressional district boundaries. Information associated with a specific location is referred to in GIS parlance as an attribute, such as the population of a congressional district, or amount of movement per year along the San Andreas Fault.
The term geospatial is a term that has only recently been gaining in popularity and is used to define the collective data and associated technology has a geographic or locational component. A search using Google’s Ngram Viewer shows that the term only entered literature during the late 1980s and has rapidly been rising in frequency ever since then. What is Geospatial Data? The word geospatial is used to indicate that data that has a geographic component to it. This means that the records in a dataset have locational information tied to them such as geographic data in the form of coordinates, address, city, or ZIP code. GIS data is a form of geospatial data. Other geospatial data can originate from GPS data, satellite imagery, and geotagging.
Geospatial technology refers to all of the technology used to acquire, manipulate, and store geographic information. GIS is one form of geospatial technology. GPS, remote sensing, and geofencing are other examples of geospatial technology. Geospatial information, also known as location information, is information describing the location and names of features beneath, on or above the earth's surface. At its simplest this can mean the basic topographical information found on a map. On a more complex level it can include different location-related datasets combined into layers that show information such as land use and population density.
An early example of basic geospatial information being combined with other layers of information dates back to the mid-nineteenth century. A British physician, John Snow, plotted individual cases of cholera on a map during an outbreak of the disease in London. This enabled him to trace the source of the outbreak—a contaminated well. Most human activity depends on geospatial information: knowing where things are and how they relate to one another. Geospatial information supports a wide range of business, government and community activities like: helping emergency forces locate addresses and other important information so they can quickly respond, deciding where to build important services like a hospital or a new school.
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