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Baluchistan is in conflict with Pakistan Government since 1947. The cause of conflict along with ethnicity includes economic and political exclusion. The Indian Prime minister in his Independence day speech raised the issue of Baluchistan, which highlights the strategic shift of Indian stance in this region.
About Balochistan
Balochistan is the largest province by geographical area of Pakistan, constituting approximately 43% of the total area of Pakistan. it is Pakistan's largest province, as well as its poorest and least populated. Its neighbouring regions are Iran to the west, Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier Province to the north, Punjab and Sindh provinces to the east. To the south is the Arabian Sea. The main languages in the province are Balochi, Brahui, Pashto, and Sindhi. The Baloch and Pashtun people constitute the two major ethnic groups; a mixed ethnic stock, mainly of Sindhi origin, forms the third major group. Balochistan is rich in mineral resources; it is the second major supplier, after Sindh province, of natural gas. One of the world's largest copper deposits have been found at Reko Diq in the Chagai District of Balochistan. Current day Balochistan constitutes the Pakistani province of Balochistan, the Iranian province of Sistan and Baluchestan and the Afghan region of Balochistan.
History of Balochistan conflict
Prior to independence from British rule, the province of Balochistan comprised of four princely states; Kalat, Lasbela, Kharan and Makran. Three months before Partition, Mohammad Ali Jinnah mooted an independent state of Kalat which would consist of all four princely states. Accordingly a communique, was released on August 11, 1947, which gave an independent sovereign status to Kalat. By October of 1947, however, Jinnah changed his mind regarding the status of Kalat and voiced his demand for Kalat to formally join the state of Pakistan. The Khan of Kalat refused to let go off his independent sovereign status and a standstill pursued between two leaders regarding the status of present day Balochistan. On March 26, 1948, the Pakistan Army moved into Balochistan and captured Kalat on April 1, 1948. Following the capture of Kalat, cases of military atrocities have been a recurrent occurrence in the province. Acts of ill treatment by officials in the region included torture, arbitrary arrests, executions and acts of indiscriminate violence. Thousands of people have been reported to be missing.
Reasons for conflicts in Baluchistan
Oppression of Rights:
The grievances of the masses relating to political, economic and cultural rights, that have given rise to nationalist movement; absence of problem resolution mechanisms, even in the democratic set ups; continued negligence of the well being of the masses that has been the hall mark, though out Pakistan since its creation.
Foreign influence:
The conflict has had an unintended catalyst in the form of the present global geo-political conflict that rages across the border in Afghanistan. Taking advantage, certain well known external players have continued to provide aid, in the form of money, shelter, ammunitions and weaponry to the separatist element.
Resource Exploitation
Baloch nationalist’s main issue relates to Pakistan’s domestic natural gas industry. They complain that the gas industry’s well-paid managers and technicians were almost invariably drawn from outside Balochistan; local Baloch, inevitably viewed with some suspicion, were mainly employed in low-end jobs as day laborers. No efforts were made to remedy the shortage of technically skilled Baloch such as providing government funding of technical training institutions in Balochistan.
Deprivation and Lack of Development lag
The basic facilities of life including health, education, communication sources and infrastructure are in poor condition in Balochistan . It has the lowest literacy rate among both males and females, the lowest ranking in the Gender Parity Index (GPI) and the smallest presence of private educational institutes in the country, according to the recently issued National Economic Survey (NES).
Religious Extremism
The state of deprivation has made the people of the province vulnerable to the aggravation and militant tendency promoting religious extremism in Balochistan. Lack of education and awareness, sense of deprivation and acute poverty gave space to terrorist activities by both external and internal enemies.
Ethnic difference
It remains the single biggest fault line in Pakistani politics. When Pakistan was formed, skewed power relations among the different Muslim ethnicities was visible. The Punjabi landlords had an almost unchallenged hold over Pakistan’s bureaucracy. The people of Balochistan also felt a sense of separate identity on account of a shared history, language and other cultural aspects. This shared culture among the Balochs led to the ripening of a strong sense of nationalism that propounded for a larger political autonomy and a separate state for Balochistan.
Gwadar issue
The Baloch fervidly oppose the Chinese investment in Balochistan under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as they believe it will benefit the Punjabi-dominated Pakistani military establishment and convert them into a minority in their homeland.
By: Vishal ProfileResourcesReport error
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