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Brain fingerprinting is a controversial technique that is advocated as a way to identify a terrorist or other dangerous person by measuring the "brainprint" of that person when shown a particular body of writing or an image that was previously familiar. Brain fingerprinting is a forensic science technique that uses electroencephalography (EEG) to determine whether specific information is stored in a subject's brain. It consists of the measuring and recording a person's electrical brainwaves and their brain response, which is known as P300-MERMER ("Memory and Encoding Related Multifaceted Electroencephalographic Response"), to words, phrases, or pictures on a computer screen. Brain fingerprinting was invented by Lawrence Farwell.
Applications: Brain fingerprinting has two primary applications. First, it is used in detecting whether information about a specific crime, terrorist act, or incident is stored in the brain. Brain fingerprinting can be viewed as a modern, and more accurate, lie detection test. The guilty, since he has committed the crime, has the details of the crime in his memory. However, the innocent does not have the details in his memory. Brain fingerprinting is a test of whether the details are present in the memory or not. If they are, then the person is guilty, otherwise innocent. Second, it is used to determine whether a subject has a specific type of knowledge, expertise, or training, such as information specific to FBI agents, ISIL-trained terrorists, or bomb-makers.
Limitations: Although brain fingerprinting detects brain responses that reveal what information is stored in the subject's brain, it does not detect how that information got there. As a result, if a suspect knows everything that the investigators know about the crime for some legitimate reason, then the test cannot produce incriminating results. Several situations characterize this problem: 1. If a suspect acknowledges being at the crime scene but claims to be a witness instead of a perpetrator, then the fact that he knows details about the crime would not be incriminating. 2. If a suspect and an alleged victim—say, of an alleged sexual assault—agree on the details of what events occurred, but disagree on the intent of the parties, then the test will not be conclusive, because brain fingerprinting detects only information and not intent.
Another situation where brain fingerprinting is not applicable is one where the authorities have no information about what crime may have taken place. For example, if an individual simply disappears under suspicious circumstances, but no information is known, then the authorities could not produce any probe stimuli, and it would be impossible to develop a test. Similarly, brain fingerprinting is not applicable for general screening of undesirable actions. If the investigators have no idea of what acts an individual may have committed, then there is no way to structure the appropriate stimuli to detect the telltale knowledge that would result from committing such acts.
Indian context: The P300 is not the only brainwave used by brain fingerprinting technologies. In 1997, Indian neuroscientist Champadi Raman Mukundan developed a different technique called the Brain Electrical Oscillatory Signature (Beos) test, which measures the presence of remembrance through a variety of subtle changes in brain activity data. It’s this Beos test that is now used in India.
Police in India have used brain fingerprinting since 2003. Trust in the technology is so high, in fact, that it is already playing a role in separating the guilty from the innocent, particularly in India. Officers argue that it helps an overloaded workforce augment their evidence and speed up the often tortuously drawn-out process of conviction. The results of the brain fingerprinting test may not be admissible in the courts, but the technique helps investigating agencies find clues in complicated cases.
By: Dr. Vivek Rana ProfileResourcesReport error
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