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Bonded Labour refers to a worker who renders service under condition of bondage arising from economic consideration, notably indebtedness through a loan or an advance. Where debt is the root cause of bondage, the implication is that worker (or dependents or heirs) is tied to a particular creditor for a specified or unspecified period until the loan is repaid. It is estimated that there are about 32 lakh bonded labourers in India. Of these, 98% are due to indebtedness and 2 per cent due to customary social obligations.
Causes of Bonded Labour:
• Economic: extreme poverty, inability to find work, small landholdings, lack of alternative small-scale loans for rural and urban poor, natural calamities like drought, floods etc., absence of rains, drying away of wells, meagre income from forest produce, and inflation. • Social factors: high expenses on occasions like marriage, death, feast, birth of a child, etc., leading to heavy debts, caste-based discrimination, limited outreach of social welfare schemes to safeguard against hunger and illness, non- compulsory and unequal educational system, and indifference and corruption among government officials. • Exploitation by powerful persons or castes in a village also compels people to migrate and seek employment under adverse conditions. • Religious and caste based arguments are used to convince people of bonded labour. • Illiteracy, ignorance, lack of skills and poor implementation of legal protection.
Problems faced by Bonded labour
• Forced to work for the employer only and not for anyone else. • Force is used to make them stay. In many cases they are kept under surveillance, lock and key. • Work for 12-14 hours a day and are forced to live under miserable conditions. • Majority of bonded labourers works as agricultural labour in villages and belong to the Dalits or tribal communities. • Bonded agricultural labourers occupy lowest rung of rural ladder.
Initiatives for the elimination of bonded labour
• Articles 21 and 23 of the Constitution and Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976. • SC in several judgements, has given directions to improve the situation and since 1997, NHRC has been directly involved in monitoring situation and making reports to SC. • Government had initiated a Centrally Sponsored Scheme under which Rs 4,000 was initially provided for the rehabilitation of each bonded labourer. • Till March 2015, more than 3 lakh bonded labourers have been identified and released. • Centre also provides assistance for surveys, awareness campaigns and evaluations. Released bonded labourers are given priority in a number of government programmes. • Since June 2000, ILO has been implementing a project to prevent and eliminate bonded labour in South Asia.
India has a plethora of labour legislation regulating conditions of work of contract and migrant labour, prohibiting child labour in hazardous industries, and for minimum wages. But these remain in large part unimplemented. A concerted effort to ensure implementation of the law, by government in close cooperation with employers’ and workers’ organisations and civil society, is called for in this respect
By: ABHISHEK KUMAR GARG ProfileResourcesReport error
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