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Monoclonal antibodies are identical immunoglobulins, generated from a single B-cell clone. These antibodies recognize unique epitopes, or binding sites, on a single antigen. Derivation from a single B-cell clones and subsequent targeting of a single epitope is what differentiates monoclonal antibodies from polyclonal antibodies. Given almost any substance, it is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to that substance; they can then serve to detect or purify that substance. This has become an important tool in biochemistry, molecular biology, and medicine. Monoclonal antibodies are increasingly coming into use as therapeutic agents.
1. Diagnostic Applications:
Monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the laboratory diagnosis of various diseases. For this purpose, MAbs may be employed as diagnostic reagents for biochemical analysis or as tools for diagnostic imaging of diseases. (a) MAbs in Biochemical Analysis: Diagnostic tests based on the use of MAbs as reagents are routinely used in radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in the laboratory. These assays measure the circulating concentrations of hormones (insulin, human chorionic gonadotropin, growth hormone, progesterone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyroid stimulating hormone, gastrin, renin), and several other tissue and cell products (blood group antigens, blood clotting factors, interferon’s, interleukins, histocompatibility antigens, tumor markers). (b) MAbs in Diagnostic Imaging: Radiolabeled—MAbs are used in the diagnostic imaging of diseases, and this technique is referred to as immunoscintigraphy. The radioisotopes commonly used for labeling MAb are iodine—131 and technetium—99. The MAb tagged with radioisotope are injected intravenously into the patients. These MAbs localize at specific sites (say a tumor) which can be detected by imaging the radioactivity.
2. Therapeutic Applications: Monoclonal antibodies have a wide range of therapeutic applications. MAbs are used in the treatment of cancer, transplantation of bone marrow and organs, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases and infectious diseases. Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis are of great concern. Some success has been reported in the clinical trials of rheumatoid arthritis patients by using MAbs directed against T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
3. Protein Purification: Monoclonal antibodies can be produced for any protein. And the so produced MAb can be conveniently used for the purification of the protein against which it was raised.
4. Catalytic MAbs (ABZYMES): Catalysis is the domain of enzymes. The most important common character between enzymes and antibodies is that both are proteins. Further, the binding of an antibody to its antigen is comparable to the binding of an enzyme to its substrate. In both instances, the binding is specific with high affinity and involves weak and non-covalent interactions (electrostatic, hydrogen and van der Waals forces). The striking difference is that the enzyme alters the substrate (to a product) while the antigen bound to antibody remains unaltered.
5. Autoantibody Fingerprinting: The occurrence of autoantibodies and their involvement in certain diseases is well known (e.g. rheumatic arthritis). A new category of individual specific (IS) autoantibodies have been discovered in recent years. These IS-autoantibodies are produced after birth and reach maximum in number by 2 years, and then remain constant for the later part of life. Monoclonal antibodies produced against IS-autoantibodies can be used for their detection, and identification of individuals. This technique referred to as autoantibody finger¬printing, is particularly useful for the detection of criminals, rapists etc. The autoantibodies collected from samples such as blood, saliva, semen and tears can be used.
By: Dr. Vivek Rana ProfileResourcesReport error
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