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Values are ideas that a person holds about things and aspects of life. These are guiding principles that mould a person’s behavior all his life. Quite often values are used to differentiate between what is right or wrong, desirable or undesirable, or superior or inferior etc. Mostly the values a person holds are developed though the process of socialisation in which family plays the foremost role. Later on person learns more about values in school, peer groups etc. Societies have different value systems and people living in these societies are guided by these values. Values are guiding principles and when a person is in a dilemma as to what direction he should take at any particular moment in his life, it is these values that guide his action and behavior.
A value is not merely a preference, infact it is preference which is justified morally, by reasoning or by judgment. Values are specific convictions/ideas that guide specific mode of conduct or end state of existence which is personally or socially more preferable. Thus values are Important and lasting beliefs or ideals shared by the members of a culture about what is good or bad and desirable or undesirable. Values have major influence on a person's behavior and attitude and serve as broad guidelines in all situations.
People also have their own value systems which act as the lens through which they view the world around them and make judgments based upon this value system. We can call them as personal values. This makes the situation complex as when there may be a contradiction between what are values for the society and personal values held by a person. For example punctuality is a societal value but may be understood to be important by an Individual. It is normal to differentiate between values and moral values in this context. The former is broader and later and later is more specific in terms of desirability. Moral values are often attached with the ideal of common good and considered binding by the society.
Values like attitudes are hypothetical constructs which serve as internal guides for one’s behaviour. Like attitudes values make behavioural choices more certain and less random. They make behaviour more predictable. Values like attitudes deals with one’s orientation towards different aspects of social environment. It is an important life goal or standard of behaviour for a person. It is a standard towards which the individual has strong positive orientation.
Values can be universal as well as personal and are actually helpful to behave in a particular manner in life. Ethics are code of conduct that are to be followed by an individual in society or employees in an organization. Societal Ethics is mainly based on the moral values. Personal ethics is determined by personal values. Ethics and morals relate to “right” and “wrong” conduct. While they are sometimes used interchangeably, they are different: Ethics refer to rules provided by an external source, e.g., codes of conduct in workplaces or principles in religions.
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