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It is a region which is delimited on the basis of common drainage outlet of all flowing water inside one place. Every water body (rivers, ponds, lakes, streams) has a watershed. Rainwater and melted snow water runs down to fill the watershed areas. In other words the catchments area of small rivulets and rills are called as watershed. Catchment area is a specific area from which a river drains its water. It collects and transports sediments and other material downstream with the help of draining stream.
Watershed management is a method employed by the government at micro level basically in rain-fed areas with prominent role of panchayati raj institutions with major objectives including the conservation, up-gradation and utilization of natural facilities such as land, water, plant, animal and human resources in a harmonious and integrated manner for comprehensive development of region and nation. The development of watershed strategy in the global perspective is traced back to Earth summit of 1992 with sustainable growth from grass root level. Why Watershed management is important? Watershed Based Management is the process which includes the practices to protect and improve the quantity and quality of water within the watershed area. It is a socio-political-ecological entity, which plays crucial role in determining food, social, and economical security and provides life support services to local people. It will prevent surface water runoff and to improve soil moisture content and for soil conservation. Its management helps to control pollution of the water and other natural resources in the area by identifying different kinds of pollution present in the watershed and how these pollutants are transported downstream. Watershed management should be done by the partnership among all affected parties. This participation is very essential for the health of watershed as well as the humans associated with its resources. Many a times watershed boundaries surpass the political boundaries, moreover sometimes makes it difficult among states to manage and protect the resources of the region in a comprehensive manner. That is why a comprehensive planning process involving all local, state and center body is required to successfully manage the area. Integrated Watershed Development Program of 1995 was an initiative taken by Indian government with the participation of local communities.
Identification of a watershed area with its available resources should be done to establish a baseline to maintain the quality and resources of the watershed. Mapping the resources of a watershed gives a clear picture to the authorities for the implementation of programs. Information and utilization of land and water resource along with the soil type, pollution sources, illicit discharge including the stream banks and construction sites down streams is also important. This available information with the center government, state government and local municipalities is important for overall development. It is a process of creating and implementing plans to sustain and enhance functions of a watershed that affect the biodiversity of the region. In addition to this, for effective implementation of the process the zoning of watershed with participation of local bodies such as residents, farmers, local business men, traders, and developers is important and this will improve the likelihood of the success of the project.
Watershed management planning also determines the opportunities to reduce pollution and addresses other pressing environmental issues within desired time frame to accomplish reduction in pollution and improvement in resource and habitat. The agencies implementing these programs must seek to manage water supply, water quality, drainage, and overall planning and utilization of watersheds. It was 9th five year plan in which the watershed management was started with the financial assistance to local cooperatives NGO’s and other local bodies. Therefore the allocation of funds became a very important element of success the program. Indian government initiative of integrated watershed development program (IWDP) of 1995 is a major step towards the management of watershed areas of the country for the benefit of society. Major objectives include development of village level institutions, participation and involvement of panchayati raj institutions for sustainable development with decentralized decision-making. Later on in 2009 this program revised under Integrated Watershed Management Program after integrating 3 developmental projects namely Desert development program (DDP), Drought prone Area Program (DPAP) and Integrated Watershed Development Program for holistic development of rain fed and degraded area of country. Main objectives are to prevent soil erosion, to increase water-holding capacity, conserving and developing degraded natural resources such as soil, vegetation, water and biodiversity. Through the proper participation of local communities and others associated with the area.
The management of watershed areas will spill down many benefits to the people. This program will generate gives benefits to the farmers, cultivators and other residents. Such as: 1. Reduction in Poverty 2. Large scale employment opportunities 3. Development of public infrastructure 4. Reduction in rate of inflation 5. Food security 6. Rise in Income 7. Better availability of essential resources 8. Manage droughts 9. Contributes to tourism 10. Better habitat for wildlife and biodiversity 11. Flood management, etc. Overall improvement of the area with waste management, pollution prevention and recycling efforts will lead to holistic development of the region associated and the nation. This is an inclusive concept wherein decentralization, community participation and holistic approach are being applied in the areas of watershed management region to eliminate the inter regional differences, to enhance food and nutrition’s security and to enhance land and water resource management.
By: Anubhav Puri ProfileResourcesReport error
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