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The 2.5% Indian landmass holds about 8% of the world’s biodiversity. Of these, about 5% of areas have only been declared as Protected Areas and the large numbers of wildlife is occurring outside PAs. Therefore, challenges of limited land (habitats), human pressures and development must all be kept in mind before preparing plans for the conservation of these wildlife and their habitats. Conservation of species must be seen as maintaining or enhancing populations, genetic exchanges between metapopulations, improving significantly, prospects of their long term persistence. Therefore, the plans must address species loss in the short term and the reasons for such depletions in the long run.
Causes of loss of biodiversity: Amongst the main causes of species loss, apart from habitat degradation which is the reason for limiting space for animals, is the issue of poaching. Poaching, depletion of genetic diversity and inbreeding (several species of birds, small mammals and other restricted range species), competition from non native species (e.g. fishes), persistent chemical pollutants (e.g. Pesticides and several species of invertebrates) and unsustainable commercial harvest (marine fishes) could either be for trade (as in tiger, leopard, bear, rhino, elephant and others) or for local consumption (mainly ungulates and birds). Both cause serious losses to species, either directly or by removal of prey base for carnivores. Loss of genetic purity, for species that have been domesticated but whose wild ancestors exist (red jungle fowl, wild buffalo), could be a major problem and efforts must be made to identify and conserve the wild genome. Increased pesticide use also harms wildlife, especially graminivorous birds (like sparrows and peafowl) and ways need to be found of how to protect these species from the ill effects of pesticides.
Species that are highly depleted in numbers may need to be aided by ex-situ conservation efforts so that species can be secured and propagated under controlled conditions for release when a large enough stock is raised. This is a relatively new concept and capacity needs to be built to achieve impacts.
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By: Dr. Vivek Rana ProfileResourcesReport error
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