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The Industrialization of Europe, occurred between 1750 and 1914, starting in Britain, and was marked by three phases, each associated with a different region and technology. It was accompanied by many changes: A structural change in the economy , as the contribution of the agrarian sector to the economy reduced and that of the industrial and commercial sector increased;
The industrial revolution had far reaching social consequences, which varied across class and region----
Industrialization and capitalism greatly impacted class structure. Marvin Perry says industrialization of Europe destroyed forever the old division of society into clergy, nobility and commoners and led to the creation of a new class the working class and the growth of the middle class or bourgeoisie.
The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization, or the movement of people to cities. Changes in farming, soaring population growth, and an ever-increasing demand for workers led masses of people to migrate from farms to cities. Almost overnight, small towns around coal or iron mines mushroomed into cities. Other cities grew up around the factories that entrepreneurs built in once-quiet market towns.
The densely packed and poorly constructed working-class neighbourhoods contributed to the fast spread of disease. As we read in Engels’ first hand account of working-class areas in Manchester, these neighborhoods were filthy, unplanned, and slipshod. Roads were muddy and lacked sidewalks. Houses were built touching each other, leaving no room for ventilation. Perhaps most importantly, homes lacked toilets and sewage systems, and as a result, drinking water sources, such as wells, were frequently contaminated with disease. Cholera, tuberculosis, typhus, typhoid, and influenza ravaged through new industrial towns, especially in poor working-class neighborhoods.
Industrial revolution threatened the joint family system, , as it was not possible to carry all the Family members to Industrial towns and cities so the system of nuclear family emerged.
Before the Industrial Revolution, women primarily stayed at home. They did housework, took care of their children, and tended to their husbands. The women’s place was to be at the house and be a caring wife and mother. However, this all changed because of the Industrial Revolution. Women who were used to working near their husbands at home started working outside the home. At first, the reason women started working in factories and other places are that the farms were they used to work wasn’t the main source of employment; the cities were. Even though men started displacing women in the factories as the Industrial Revolution went on, women still held jobs. They had more time to work (presence of children decreased as a result of free schools) so some women took on jobs such as teaching, nursing, sales personnel, and secretaries. The suffrage movement was also developing as more women wanted the right to vote and participate in government. All these changes benefitted women but like before they still weren’t considered equal.
Child labour was, unfortunately, integral to the first factories, mines, and mills in England. In textile mills, as new power looms and spinning mules took the place of skilled workers, factory owners used cheap, unskilled labour to decrease the cost of production. And, child labour was the cheapest labour of all. Some of these machines were so easy to operate that a small child could perform the simple, repetitive tasks. Some maintenance tasks, such as squeezing into tight spaces, could be performed more easily by children than adults. And, children did not try to join workers unions or go on strike. Best of all, they were paid 1/10 of what men were paid.
The Industrial Revolution set an important pattern for education in the early 20th century. The growth of standardization and assembly line manufacturing required legions of skilled, and more educated workers. And standardization was the best way to ignite eduction. Classrooms became standardized in textbooks and content, teaching methods, and classroom design. This efficiency allowed important “mass education” for a growing country. A literate, educated citizenry greatly facilitated the growth of industry and manufacturing.
Due to Industrial revolution consumers benefitted from failing prices for clothing and household articles such as cooking utensils etc, also industrial revolution provided many options of commodities to consumers this led to the beginning of consumerism.
Along with these changes, some characteristics of Europe before the revolution stayed the same. Some habits, occupations, and beliefs stayed the same which impacted how the revolution evolved. Overall, the Industrial Revolution changed the course of Europe for years to come while keeping some old “traditions.”
By: Ankush Sharma ProfileResourcesReport error
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