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Guru Nanak Dev ji was born in 1469 A.D. Political and social conditions of Punjab were despicable before his birth. The rulers were weak and divided. Punjab was facing external aggressions. The rulers at that time were fanatics. The Hindu society was divided into castes and sub-castes. The position of women was deplorable. The morality of people had declined. They were Involved in baseless superstitions.
POLITICAL CONDITION :
Punjab Under the Rule of the Lodhi Sultans :
1.Behlol Khan Lodhi, 1451-1489 A.D. : After becoming the Sultan of Delhi, Behlol Khan Lodhi appointed Tatar Khan,The Nizam of Punjab and Shahzada Nizam Khan, the Nizam (Sikandar Lodhi) of Sirhind. Behlol Lodhi decided to appoint Sheikh Yusuf as the Nizam of Multan and ordered Tatar Khan and his own son Barbak Shah to proceed to Multan for his help. But Hussain defeated the royal armies. So Behlol Lodhi lost control over the sub-province of south Punjab. Inspired by the independence of Multan, the Nizam of Punjab, Tatar Khan also declared independence. Behlol Lodhi sent his son Nizam Khan (Sikandar Lodhi) to punish Tatar Khan. Nizam Khan inflicted a strong defeat on Tatar Khan. Consequently, the Lodhi rule was established in Punjab.
2. Sikandar Lodhi, 1489-1517 A.D. : After the death of Behlol Lodhi, Sikandar Lodhi became the Sultan of Delhi. He is known as a famous Sultan of the Lodhi dynasty. He centralised his administration and exercised full control over his chiefs and jagirdars. He appointed Daulat Khan Lodhi as the Nizam of Central Punjab. The borders of Lodhi’s province were from Behra (Sargodha) to Sirhind. Dipalpur was also a strong sub province of Punjab. But in Doaba Chaj, the Gakhars were supreme. Among all these rulers, the position of Daulat Khan Lodhi was strong because Sikandar Lodhi regarded him as one of the four chiefs of Lodhi tribes. The Sultan of Delhi collected taxes from them and in lieu of it, he did not interfere in their local administration so that being north-west frontier province they may not have alliance with foreign rulers. During the times of Sikandar Lodhi, Punjab formed a very small part of the Lodhi empire. Sikandar Lodhi regarded it his duty to remove the grievances of his subjects. But his duties and justice was confined to Muslims only. He hated the Hindus. He derived pleasure in destroying the Hindu idols and temples.
3.Ibrahim Lodhi, 1517-1526 A.D. : Ibrahim Lodhi ascended the throne after Sikandar Lodhi. He was a wise and an intelligent ruler. He was a brave soldier and to a great extent a successful general also. Although he was hard working and honest yet he was unsuccessful during his rule. Although he himself was an Afghan, he could not understand the nature and character of the Pathans (Afghans). He tried to create discipline among the Pathans igonoring the policies of his father and grandfather. Ibrahim’s empire from Behra to Bihar was left in name only. The pathans were democratic in nature. They considered the sultan not more than a chief. They revolted against him and Ibrahim Lodhi failed to supress these revolts. In Lodhi’s kingdom, Punjab was a province (suba). But the Punjab at that time was divided into two subas i.e. Lahore and Multan. Further the suba of Punjab was divided Into parganas as Sirhind, Sultanpur and Dipalpur.These parganas were directly under the control of the Sultan.
4.Daulat Khan Lodhi and Punjab : Sikandar Lodhi made Tatar Khan, the governor (subedar) of Punjab. After his death, his son Daulat Khan was appointed governor of Punjab. So long as Sikander Lodhi was alive, Daulat Khan remained sincere to him. But the rigid, suspicious and proud nature of Ibrahim Lodhi forced Daulat Khan Lodhi to hate him. Taking into consideration the attitude of the Sultan, Daulat Khan decided to establish his own independent rule. He started making plans against Ibrahim Lodhi. During these days Alam Khan (Uncle of Ibrahim Lodhi) also had a desire to rule over Delhi. As a result, he started conspiring with Daulat Khan Lodhi. When Ibrahim Lodhi came to know about the activities of Daulat Khan Lodhi and Alam Khan, he called Daulat Khan Lodhi to Delhi. He did not go to Delhi himself, but he sent his son Dilawar Khan. When Dilawar Khan reached Delhi, Ibrahim Lodhi arrested him. But soon Dilawar Khan escaped and reached Lahore. Therefore, Daulat Khan Lodhi was convinced that Ibrahim Lodhi would punish him. As a result, In order to let down Ibrahim Lodhi, he broke his ties with Delhi and started making new plans for himself.
Alliance between Daulat Khan Lodhi and Babur :
In 1519 A.D., Zahir-ud-Din Babur, the king of Kabul invaded Punjab.Firstly, Babur conquested Bajaur.At the same time he annexed Bhera also. Inspired by his conquests, Babur sent one of his messengers Mulla Murshid to Ibrahim Lodhi. Daulat Khan Lodhi stopped the messenger at Lahore. Babur entrusted the administration of his conquered areas to Hindu Beig and himself returned to Kabul. After some time, the people of Bhera revolted and forced Hindu Beig to run away. This irritated Babur and he again invaded Punjab in September 1519 A.D. After conquering Bhera once again, Babur conquered Sialkot also. From here Babur proceeded towards Sayyidpur (Eminabad). The defence forces of Sayyidpur resisted the invading army of Babur very bravely. Ultimately, Babur became victorious and killed the defence force. The people of Sayyidpur were treated inhumanly. Many people were enslaved. Guru Nanak Dev ji was also imprisoned. Guru Nanak Dev Ji has described these atrocities in his Baburbani.
In the years 1520-24 A.D., Daulat Khan Lodhi tried to strengthen his position in Central Punjab. As a result, Ibrahim Lodhi turned more hostile towards him. Ibrahim Lodhi decided to recapture Punjab after punishing Daulat Khan Lodhi at the first available oppurtunity. As a result, Daulat Khan Lodhi sent his son Dilawar Khan to Kabul to meet Babur and invited him to attack Punjab. On the other side, Ibrahim Lodhi sent his armies against Daulat Khan Lodhi and as defeated. Babur reached near Lahore in 1524 A.D. without any resistance. Here, the armies of Ibrahim Lodhi under Behar Khan tried to resist Babur but he defeated Behar Khan. Babur occupied Lahore. He also occupied Jalandhar and Dipalpur easily. Daulat Khan Lodhi hoped that after occupying these areas, Babur would hand over the possession to him and he himself would return to Kabul. But Babur gave him only the areas of Jalandhar and Sultanpur. At this Daulat Khan Lodhi rebelled. He was defeated and he escaped to the hills. Babur handed over the area of Sultanpur to Dilawar Khan, the son of Daulat Khan Lodhi. He gave Dipalpur to Alam Khan, the uncle of Ibrahim Lodhi. He handed over Lahore to his representative Abdul Aziz. Babur returned to Kabul. Babur realised that more preparation was required to invade Delhi.
Alam Khan and Punjab : The Afghan chiefs were angry with Ibrahim Lodhi due to his bad behaviour. To show their anger, they planned to enthrone Alam Khan as the Sultan of Delhi. For this purpose they decided to take help from Babur but in 1524 A.D. as Babur returned to Kabul after making arrangements of his conquered areas. Daulat Khan Lodhi collected his armies and snatched Lahore from Abdul Aziz. After that he ousted Dilawar Khan from Sultanpur and defeated Alam Khan at Dipalpur. Alam Khan took shelter with Babur who was at Kabul. After that Daulat Khan Lodhi attacked Sialkot but he failed in his attempt. Ibrahim Lodhi sent his armies to curb the increasing power of Daulat Khan and to turn out the army of Babur from Punjab. Daulat Khan defeated his army. As a result, Daulat Khan Lodhi’s independent rule was established in Central Punjab.
After reaching Kabul, Alam Khan signed a treaty with Babur. The terms of the treaty were :
When Alam Khan reached Lahore, he found that Instead of the Mughal king's rule, Daulat Khan had established his rule. It saddened Alam Khan. Considering Alam Khan’s feelings, Daulat Khan Lodhi sent him a proposal of help, against Ibrahim Lodhi. Alam Khan liked this proposal. Therefore, he joined Daulat Khan. Alam Khan attacked Delhi with his help. The armies of Ibrahim Khan defeated him. As a result of it the dreams of Alam Khan to conquer Punjab or the kingdom of Delhi were dashed to the ground.
Babur’s Conquest of Punjab : In November 1525 A.D., Babur proceeded from Kabul to Punjab with 12,000 soldiers. First of all Babur decided to punish Daulat Khan Lodhi. Daulat Khan Lodhi with his son Gazi Khan fled from Lahore when he came to know of the bad intentions of Babur. At last, Daulat Khan Lodhi surrendered before Babur.
From Lahore Babur advanced towards Sirhind, the sub division of Punjab. First of all he conquered Ambala. To conquer Hansi and Hissar-Feroza he sent his son Humayun. Babur advanced towards Delhi to conquer Panipat. He camped at Panipat.Ibrahim Lodhi, the Sultan of Delhi also advanced towards him with a force of 1,00,000 soldiers. His army was divided into four division-forward force, central force, left and right hand forces. There were about 5,000 elephants in front of the forces.
On the other side Babur, kept 700 ox-wagons in front of his force. He tied the ox-wagons with leather ropes. Behind ox-wagons there was artillery.Behind artillery there was forward force and central force. On the right and left were Tulgama forces. In the end a big force of cavalry was hidden.
For one week, Babur kept quiet. On April 21, 1526 A.D. first the army of Ibrahim Lodhi attacked. His army stopped on coming close to the ox-wagons of Babur and the artillery of Babur started bombardment. The elephants of Ibrahim Lodhi, on getting injured, turned back and crushed their own forces. The Tulgama forces of Babur advanced from right and left and besieged the enemy from behind.Ibrahim Lodhi and his 15,000 soldiers were killed. Babur conquered the whole of Punjab.
By: Harman Sandhu ProfileResourcesReport error
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