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From the 17th through the early 20th century, vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, yellow fever, plague and typhus routinely wreak havoc on entire populations. Fighting vector-borne diseases isn’t easy, least of all in a place like India that is a breeding ground for at least six major vector-borne diseases—malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and visceral leishmaniasis. As pathogens travel across continents and new strains continue to emerge, the fight against vector-borne diseases has, once again, become a global public health challenge.
Vector-borne diseases: Vector-borne diseases are human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are transmitted by mosquitoes, sandflies, blackflies, ticks, tsetse flies, mites, snails and lice. Every year there are more than 700 000 deaths from diseases such as malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, , yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, globally. The major vector-borne diseases, together, account for around 17% of all infectious diseases. The burden of these diseases is highest in tropical and subtropical areas and they disproportionately affect the poorest populations.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme: Launched in 2003-04 by merging National anti -malaria control programme ,National Filaria Control Programme and Kala Azar Control programmes . Japanese B Encephalitis and Dengue/DHF have also been included in this Program. Directorate of NAMP is the nodal agency for prevention and control of major Vector Borne Diseases.
Issue areas: The government released a national strategic plan for the elimination of malaria, and pledged to eradicate the vector-borne disease by 2027. This is a change from previous years, when the focus was on containing the disease, but achieving this lofty goal will depend on effective implementation and sustained commitment to the project. The government will also need to tackle the root causes of the problem, such as genetic changes in pathogens, insecticide and drug resistance, the challenges of poor urban planning.
Another area of concern is funding. Last year, the Central government released only 68% of budgeted funds under the national vector-borne disease control programme, and an even smaller percentage of that was actually utilized, according to the CSE’s State Of India’s Environment 2017. The lack of adequate healthcare workers who can carry out a prevention programme on a war footing is also a challenge.
Finally, the prospects for vaccines against vector-borne diseases seem to be poor. In India, the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology has been working on a malaria vaccine for at least a decade but it is not ready for clinical trials yet. A dengue vaccine that is being used in about a dozen other countries is not yet allowed in India.
Common factors that have impeded response strategies: 1) The diversion of financial support and subsequent loss of public health infrastructure 2) The reliance on quick-fix solutions such as insecticides and drugs.
In India, the early success of the anti-malaria programme led to a certain amount of complacency. Our health policy planners did not “foresee vector adaptation to chemical pressure”. Anti-malaria programme, depended too much on the efficacy of DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) and assumed that there would be no further need for entomologists in mosquito control work—hence, researchers were moved to other tasks such as family planning, funds were diverted, and only a small field staff was engaged in DDT spraying. This was a huge mistake: When malaria and other vector-borne diseases resurfaced, India was found unprepared. These are some important lessons from the past that India must keep in mind if it wants to mount a successful and sustained offensive against vector-borne diseases.
By: Dr. Vivek Rana ProfileResourcesReport error
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